About Ashtakam
An Ashtakam (Sanskrit: अष्टकम्, transliterated as aṣṭakam) is a specific form of devotional or general poetry, originating from Sanskrit literature, that consists of eight stanzas. The word "ashta" in Sanskrit means "eight," which directly refers to the eight-verse structure.
Here's a detailed explanation of Ashtakams:
Key Characteristics:
- Eight Stanzas: This is the defining feature. An Ashtakam typically has eight verses, each often composed of four lines (a rhyming quartet). This means a full Ashtakam usually comprises 32 lines.
- Rhyme Scheme and Meter: Ashtakams generally follow a strict rhyme scheme, often with end lines rhyming (a-a-a-a for each stanza, e.g., a-a-a-a / b-b-b-b / c-c-c-c...). They are also structured according to specific poetic meters, making them suitable for chanting and classical singing.
- Devotional Content: While Ashtakams can be on various themes, they are most famously known for their devotional nature. They are often hymns praising or addressing a particular deity, a Guru, or a sacred concept.
- Purpose: The primary purpose of devotional Ashtakams is to express deep reverence, love, and surrender to the divine. Chanting or reciting them is believed to bring blessings, purify the mind, and aid in spiritual realization.
- Conclusion: Sometimes, the final couplet or stanza may contain a "Phalaśruti" (फलश्रुति), which details the benefits or auspicious results of reciting the Ashtakam. It may also include the self-identification of the poet.
History and Prominent Composers:
Ashtakams have a rich history spanning over 2500 years in Indian literature. One of the most prolific and renowned composers of Ashtakams is Adi Shankaracharya, the great 8th-century philosopher and theologian. He composed over thirty Ashtakams dedicated to various deities like Shiva, Vishnu (Krishna), Devi, and Guru. These compositions are revered for their profound philosophical insights and poetic beauty.
Examples of Famous Ashtakams:
Many Ashtakams are widely chanted and studied in Hinduism. Some notable examples include:
- Krishna Ashtakam: Praises Lord Krishna, often highlighting his divine attributes, beauty, and deeds.
- Lingashtakam: Dedicated to Lord Shiva in his iconic form of the Lingam, describing its cosmic significance.
- Mahalakshmi Ashtakam: Invokes Goddess Lakshmi for prosperity, wealth, and spiritual well-being.
- Guru Ashtakam: Composed by Adi Shankaracharya, emphasizing the paramount importance of a spiritual teacher (Guru) in one's life, asserting that without devotion to the Guru, worldly achievements are meaningless.
- Chandrasekhara Ashtakam: Dedicated to Lord Shiva (Chandrasekhara, "one who wears the moon on his head"), often recited for protection and relief from difficulties.
- Kaal Bhairav Ashtakam: Praises Lord Kalabhairava, a fierce form of Shiva, believed to protect devotees and remove obstacles.
In essence, an Ashtakam is a concise yet powerful poetic composition that serves as a medium for devotion, philosophical reflection, and the expression of spiritual truths.